There are also other arrangements in various interpretive texts of the Han period, like Jiao Gan's 焦贛 Jiaoshi yilin 焦氏易林 or Jing Fang's 京房 (77-37 BCE) Jingshi yizhuan 京氏易傳. The second arrangement was found in the Zhouyi text discovered in the early Han-period 漢 (206 BCE-220 CE) tomb of Mawangdui 馬王堆 near Changsha 長沙, Hunan, where the series also begins with Qian, but then continues with Pi 否 and ends with Yi 益. The first is known from the received text, in which they are divided into two series beginning with Qian 乾 and Kun 坤. "Start: 6, second: 9, third: 9, fourth: 9, fifth: 6, top: 6." Ĭoncerning the arrangement of the hexagrams, there are two traditions. ䷟ Chu liu, jiu er, jiu san, jiu si, liu wu, shang liu. Description of the Composition of Hexagram Heng 恒 The hexagram Heng 恒 ䷟, for instance, is described as The hexagrams are constructed from bottom to top. The trigrams consist of three lines that are either solid (the yang 陽, male or strong lines ⚊, yangyao 陽爻, represented by the number nine, jiu 九) or divided (the yin 陰, female or weak lines ⚋, yinyao 陰爻, represented by the number six, liu 六). There are eight trigrams in total, the famous bagua 八卦, that are also used in geomancy and other methods of divination. The 64 so-called hexagrams are each composed of two trigrams (see Table 2). The classic (the actual Yijing) was originally a divination book using a prognostication method by which 64 signs or symbols ( gua 卦) were generated and interpreted. The Yijing, as it is received, consists of two parts, the classic Zhouyi and a series of comments. The Eight Trigrams ( bagua 八卦) and their Signification of Natural Elements Some interpreters put forward the argument that the word zhou 周 in the title Zhouyi does not refer to the Zhou dynasty, but to a kind of "circle" that encompassed all sixty-four hexagrams. The first two methods are unknown, except for a few surviving fragments recorded in Ma Guohan's 馬國翰 (1794-1857) series Yuhanshanfang jiyi shu 玉函山房輯佚書. BCE), and the "changes" method of the Zhou people. BCE), guicang 歸藏 "storehouse" of the Shang 商 (17th-11th cent. The Classic Zhouli 周禮, which describes the various state offices, speaks of three different types to handle the "changes" of auspicious and inauspicious aspects, namely the methods lianshan 連山 "connecting mountains" of the Xia people 夏 (21th-17th cent. Using a complex calculation method numbers were produced and transformed into two different types of lines ( guaxiang 卦象), of which trigrams, and then hexagrams were composed. The two most common ancient methods of divination were to produce cracks on the surface of turtle shells ( guibu 龜卜, see oracle bones), and to count out milfoil ( shi 蓍) stalks ( zhanshi 占筮). See also non-canonical books on divination ( shushu 術數). It is so important that the discipline of yixue 易學 " Yijing studies" came into being. It has not only influenced Confucian and especially Neo-Confucian thinking but is also deeply rooted in the Daoist tradition. Zhouyi 周易 "Changes of the Zhou", also called Yijing 易經 "Classic of Changes", or, shortly, Yi 易 "The Changes", is one of the most important Confucian classics.
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